The institution of suit is the formal process by which a civil dispute is brought before a court of law.…

Presumptions are judicial shortcuts, not judicial guesses. Evidence law recognises that proving every fact by direct evidence is often impossible.…

Estoppel is a rule of evidence that prevents a person from going back on a representation once another person has…

Character evidence occupies a restricted and carefully controlled space in the law of evidence. Courts are not forums for judging…

Electronic evidence has become unavoidable in modern litigation. Messages, emails, and call records are now crucial in cases. CCTV footage…

The burden of proof determines who must prove what, and to what degree of certainty. This is not a procedural…

The distinction between Confession and Admission is one of the most critical concepts under the law of evidence. Though both…

The distinction between Fact in Issue and Relevant Fact is fundamental in the law of evidence. It is one of…

Evidence is the foundation of the judicial process. Courts do not decide cases on emotions, assumptions, or moral beliefs; they…

Abetment is a fundamental concept in criminal law that expands the scope of criminal liability beyond the person who actually…

The concepts of Common Intention and Common Object are crucial in determining criminal liability. This is especially true when an…

The Anti-Defection Law is contained in the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution of India. It was enacted to curb political…