Ex parte proceedings occur when a court hears and decides a case without one party present. The absent party is…

Examination-in-Chief and Cross-Examination are the core mechanisms through which courts test truth. Evidence on paper means nothing until it survives…

The Law of Limitation is one of the most unforgiving areas of procedural law. It does not care how strong…

The principle of Double Jeopardy is a core safeguard in criminal jurisprudence. It protects individuals from being prosecuted more than…

A dying declaration is one of the most powerful—and dangerous—pieces of evidence in criminal law. It is powerful because it…

Under the law of evidence, proof happens in only two legally recognised ways: through oral evidence and documentary evidence. Everything…

The distinction between a Preliminary Decree and a Final Decree is central to understanding how civil courts decide rights in…

The distinction between an Order and a Decree under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC) is basic—but also one…

Reference, Review, and Revision are corrective mechanisms under procedural law. These mechanisms allow courts to address errors without reopening the…

A temporary injunction is an interim relief. A civil court grants it to maintain the status quo. This continues until…

The Written Statement (WS) is not a routine reply to the plaint. It is the defendant’s only real opportunity to…

A plaint/pleading is not just a document; it is the foundation of a civil suit. If the plaint is weak,…